Category: Oxfordshire Birding

Bird of the month: Hoopoe

This is an article that I wrote for the July 2019 edition of the Cumnor Village Magazine:

This month’s Bird of the Month is a summer holiday special: the Hoopoe. This is one of the most distinctive birds in the world. Hoopoes do not usually nest in the UK, but are found widely across most of Europe and Asia. Every year some reach England in the spring and summer. Some years there are a few dozen sightings, sometimes up to one hundred birds are recorded. In Oxfordshire the Hoopoe is a rare bird, with about 8 records in total. It is quite large bird, about the size of a Jay, but has a long downcurved bill and a fabulous crest. The wings and tail are boldly marked with black-and-white, whilst the head and back are cinnamon-pink.

Hoopoe, France, July 2012

In flight, the rounded wings are very obvious, flashing black and white. The wings have a slow-motion action in flight, leading to comparisons with a huge black-and-white butterfly flapping past. Despite this, Hoopoes are strong fliers. Most of the European population migrates across the Sahara to southern Africa, although a few birds remain in southern Spain or north Africa over the northern winter.

Hoopoe, France, July 2012

Like last months bird of the month, the Cuckoo, Hoopoes have an onomatopoeic name. Their simple repetitive song has led many human cultures to name this species after the sound that it sings in spring. In Afghanistan it is “poppoo”; in the middle east “hud-hud”; in Portugal “poup” and in English “hoopoe”. Phonetically the song is best written as “hoo-hoo, hoo-hoo”. It sounds as if one is blowing gently across the top of an open glass bottle.

Hoopoe, Oman, November 2015

For millennia Hoopoes have nested in holes, in trees or in cliffs. With the relatively recent development of human structures, Hoopoes have also taken to nesting in man-made cavities. This, combined with their distinctive and obvious appearance, means that Hoopoes have a long and rich association with human culture. The Hoopoe is an Egyptian hieroglyph, but also appeared to have a medicinal function. Mark Cocker (in “Birds and People” 2013) describes ancient Egyptian prescriptions that were smeared on the eyelids to inspire visions that contained Hoopoe blood as an ingredient. Cocker goes on to describe the broad-spectrum application of the Hoopoe for a wide range of ailments in mediaeval times:

“The left pinion is good for the man who is in thrall to his wife; Tie up the right shoulder in a piece of new rag… and hang it over a woman who is ill in her body and she shall have relief;  Dry its skull, macerate it in oil and rub it on any part of the body thou wishest and it shall destroy hair; Having salted the heart of this bird… give it to the woman whose child will not come from her. Let her grasp it in her left hand and the child will come from the womb straightaway”

The Hoopoe also has an important role in middle eastern culture. In the Qur’an the Prophet Muhammad forbids Muslims to kill the Hoopoe. The bird has an important status as a messenger between King Solomon and his bride-to-be, the Queen of Sheeba.

Remarkably, a Hoopoe has been recorded in Cumnor. Steve Heath has provided an account of finding this exotic species in April 2006: “I frequently used to take my dog for a walk down Leys Road to Bablock Hythe and particularly during the spring to look for migrants and early butterflies. The route has good views across Farmoor Reservoir and Wytham Woods to the north and passes through farmland flanked by hedgerows and some traditional hay meadows. Along this route lies Long Leys Farm. Over the years I had got to know the resident gardener Michael Collins. Walking my dog back home on the morning of 23rd April Michael remarked that he had seen an odd bird briefly around the Farm gardens the day before. Knowing Michael, I felt this was worth a look. After a fairly long search a Hoopoe came into view close to the orchard, at the rear of the house. The word was put out and several people managed to see the bird before it became elusive. It was not, to my knowledge seen again after the morning of 23rd April”.

A very wet Hoopoe, Sichuan, China, May 2016

If you are going on holiday into Europe this summer, watch out for this beautiful and distinctive bird. It can often be found feeding on the ground in sand dunes behind the beaches. If you are exceptionally lucky you could catch a glimpse of a Hoopoe in Oxfordshire, a dazzling flash of black, white, pink, crest and bill. Seeing a Hoopoe is always a moment to treasure.

Words and pictures by Tom Bedford. Many thanks to Steve Heath for his contribution.

Bird of the month: Cuckoo

This is an article that I wrote for the Cumnor Magazine for their June issue:

Although the traditional harbinger of spring, it is hard to argue that the Cuckoo is in fact a British bird. Cuckoos spend 9 months of the year in sub-Saharan tropical African forests, where the distinctive call that has led to their name, has never been heard. They winter as far south as Angola. In early March they begin their long flight north. Most British Cuckoos cross the Sahara, before flying over the Straits of Gibraltar, continuing north through Spain and France. In early April the first birds arrive in the UK and the males immediately begin singing their onomatopoetic song. Female Cuckoos do not sing “Cuck-oo”. Their call is a liquid bubbling sound, similar to the sound the last water makes as it drains from a sink.

The song of the male Cuckoo is far better known than the appearance of this large migrant bird. In flight, Cuckoos have a rather hawk-like appearance, with a long tail and rather pointed wings. From above they appear all grey, with a number of pale spots on each long dark brown tail feather:

From below, the pale breast with grey stripes running across it can be seen. Cuckoos have a well-patterned underwing, with a pale bar running across the wing and pale spots in the outer flight feathers:

Having attracted a female Cuckoo, this species then begins its famous breeding behaviour. Cuckoos are well known for not building their own nests, but rather they parasite the broods of other bird species. Over 120 species of bird have been recording raising Cuckoo chicks, but 90% of all Cuckoo eggs are laid in Reed Warbler, Meadow Pipit and Dunnock nests.

Cuckoos have evolved, quite remarkably, to lay eggs that match both the colour and size (breadth) of their host species’ eggs. This prevents the host species immediately realising that there is an alien egg in the nest and removing it. The first act of the Cuckoo chick, whilst still featherless and blind, is to push any other egg or chick out of the nest. The Cuckoo chick reverses up the side of the nest cup, with any unhatched eggs on its back, and tips them over the edge. Now an only-child, the Cuckoo benefits from the attention of both adult hosts. Quickly the chick dwarfs it’s host parents in size. They are unable to resist the bright yellow-orange gape of the huge chick and relentlessly keep feeding it. After fledging juvenile Cuckoos spend a few weeks feeding up in preparation for their long flight south. Like human juveniles, they are spottier than adults. Juvenile Cuckoos have pale edges and spots on most of their flight and back feathers:

The nature-nurture debate is conclusively settled in favour of nature, at least as regards Cuckoos. No young Cuckoo ever sees its parents. Unlike geese, the parents do not guide young birds on their first migration. Guided purely by genetically inherited instinct, each young Cuckoo finds its way back across Europe, across Africa, to the tropical forests of central-west Africa, alone. Some Cuckoos will not meet another member of their species until they return to the UK the following spring.

Unfortunately, the Cuckoo is in decline in UK. The latest research indicates that 40% of our Cuckoos have been lost since 1994, although in the last five years numbers have begun rising slightly (BTO 2018).  Cuckoos are dependent on large hairy, sometimes toxic, caterpillars, which are often avoided by other birds. Some species of Cuckoo have evolved a mucous membrane in their gizzard, to which the toxic hairs of the caterpillars they eat stick. Periodically, these membranes break off and are regurgitated, allowing the cuckoos to rid themselves of the toxins. In the UK, as moth and butterfly populations decline, so does the food supply for Cuckoos.

Globally, Cuckoos are widespread, with some 127 different species. Many are more brightly coloured and exotic than our Eurasian Cuckoo, for example this Diederic Cuckoo from Africa. But only one species calls its own name in that distinctive fashion, our own Eurasian Cuckoo.

Bird of the Month: Northern Wheatear

This is an article I wrote for the Cumnor Village Magazine for their April 2019 edition:

A walk around the fields surrounding Cumnor this month could easily produce a sighting of one of the most remarkable migrant birds on earth: the Northern Wheatear. Wheatears are ground loving birds. They feed on insects and invertebrates found in short grass in exposed fields and meadows. They are attractive birds. Spring males have a black mask and a blue-grey back. But whilst most often seen on the ground they are most easily detected when they fly. Their lower back, just above the black tail, is pure white. When a Wheatear flies, the flash of white is very obvious.

Wheatears do not breed in Oxfordshire. The birds we see in the fields around Cumnor are pausing on their migration between their wintering grounds and their breeding grounds. The story of Wheatear migration is quite incredible. Every Wheatear on earth spends its winter in Africa, on the vast dry plains just south of the Sahara. This is their ancestral home. Their winter range stretches in a wide band across central Africa, from Mauritania in the west across to Sudan in the east.

Every spring, Northern Wheatears leave their wintering grounds and fly north in their millions. But unlike the Swallows, House Martins and warblers that migrate with them, most Wheatears do not finish their journey in England. In fact, for some birds their journey has only just begun. Some populations of Northern Wheatears continue across the UK and fly directly to Greenland and north-east Canada. Recent research has shown that these birds undertake a sea crossing of over 3,000km (1,500 miles) in a single flight. Quite an achievement for a bird that only weighs as much as four ten pence pieces.

Every autumn these Northern Wheaters repeat their epic journey and fly from Canada and Greenland, back to central Africa. They are one of very few bird species that breed in the new world, but winter in the old world. These populations are known as “Greenland Wheatears”. They have longer wings than the birds that breed in Europe, reflecting their much longer migrations. Greenland Wheatears are more richly coloured than European Northern Wheatears, often having rich, apricot-coloured underparts:

Probable Greenland Wheatear, Cuddesdon, April 2011

But Greenland Wheaters are not the most travelled Wheatears. The incredible migration of Greenland Wheatears from Africa, into Europe and then out across the Atlantic is dwarfed by the distances covered by their eastern cousins. Northern Wheatears that winter in east Africa breed right across northern Russia, and have even spread into Alaska. A single spring migration for these birds involves flying across Asia for some 15,000km (9,000 miles). They then raise young and depart the short northern summer for their African homeland, crossing half the world in order to do so.

The Northern Wheatears we see in Oxfordshire in autumn are a different colour to the birds seen in spring. They replace their breeding finery with their winter plumage, one suited to the dry brown shades of the plains of Africa:

Nothern Wheatear, Cuddesdon, August 2013

If you are out walking this month and flush a bird from the ground which shows a clean white rump as it flies, then you have probably found a Northern Wheatear. These birds like a view and often perch on rocks, mounds of earth or even hedgerows. Make the most of your views of them. For those very same birds could be in Greenland or Canada within days, having completed one of the most incredible flights of migration.

Northern Wheatear, Lundy Island, October 2010. 

Oxford Ornithological Society AGM and talk

I was honoured to be invited to talk at the AGM of the Oxford Ornithological Society last Wednesday, 8th May.  I recounted my experiences of birding the Oxfordshire green belt to a turn-out of over 50 members. Inevitably this also involved looking at the massive declines in farmland birds in the last 30 years and the role of intensive agriculture in these declines. But I tried to throw in a few jokes as well. Dr Alan Larkman, OOS Chairperson, then gave an excellent presentation about the valuable conservation efforts taking place on City Farm, near Eynsham. It was great to see some familiar, and some new, faces and to receive some positive feedback too. Special thanks to comrades Badger and Mark for their support.

It was also a pleasant surprise to come across this blog post from OOS secretary Barry Hudson the following morning. Thanks Barry!

Blenheim Bonaparte’s

Bonaparte’s Gulls don’t create the stir they once did. The bird at Farmoor in mid-May 2000 was a major event. Since then there have been another four, all in spring, with birds being found on 18th April 2006; 1st May 2007; 11th April 2009; 8th April 2017. The bird found yesterday by Nic Hallam (who has found most of the county records) is the 6th for the county, by my reckoning. 

I had two children in tow when I arrived at Blenheim Palace this afternoon. Badger and two other birders were already watching it dip-feed at the back of the main lake. It was distant and the light was terrible. The Bonaparte’s Gull could be picked out from the many Black-headed Gulls just because it looked so clean and bright, an impression created by the pale inner primaries on the underwing. 

I  needed to tempt it closer. Feeling determined, I took my children up back into the main house and into the cafe. I didn’t buy them anything, but instead found myself wondering what the Bonaparte’s Gull would prefer: scones or sausage rolls? Despite the fact my wife does not eat pork and that a well known vegan Oxonbirder was looking after my ‘scope by the lakeside, I went for the meat. It worked a treat.

Black-headed Gulls noticed me tossing food into the air and came over to investigate. The Bonaparte’s came with them. It’s dark head – not really black, but darker than the accompanying Black-headed Gulls – was not quite complete: 

The leg colour was visible at quite some distance:

I even had the satisfaction of seeing the Bonaparte’s Gull, take a piece of my sausage roll:

Although this made it a target for other gulls…

…causing the Bonaparte’s Gull to react furiously:

Within a couple of minutes the food was gone and all the gulls returned to patrolling the far side of the lake. I took my children back to the cafe, to reward them for their patience, and we spent the rest of the afternoon enjoying the sunshine at Blenheim. Easy birding. 

 

Out, at last.

It has not been an easy couple of months. In early February I sustained a stress fracture to my hip during a long run. Very quickly I was unable to walk or even weight bear. X-ray and MRI scans confirmed the diagnosis and I spent the next four week on crutches, unable to work. Fortunately the small crack in my femur, just below the ball and socket joint of my hip, did not need surgery and I should make a full recovery. But I was trapped inside for most of February and March. To stave off madness I caught up with lots of computer based work, including writing a few bird related contributions to the Cumnor village magazine:

By Monday morning, I was able to attempt a slow limp around some parts of Dix Pit. It is not reasonable to expect to find something good on your first trip out in 2 months, although an early migrant of some sort would have been nice. Today, just being out in the sunshine was enough. A Water Rail called, Chiffchaffs were singing…

… and the first Peacock butterflies were feeding on the blackthorn flowers. All had a little more meaning, after my period of incarceration. 

My eBird list of species seen is here.

A cold morning in the city

Thursday dawned with pre-work trip into Oxford city to follow up a report from Adam Hartley of a Lesser Spotted Woodpecker in the University Parks. It was a bitterly cold morning, cold enough to freeze the lake in the park and for ice to form on the River Cherwell, above. 

It was still well below zero when I climbed the Rainbow Bridge, perhaps too cold to encourage a small woodpecker to drum. I spent the next 45 minutes checking riverside trees on both sides of the river and listening out for calls or drumming. I found a Great Spotted Woodpecker drumming and excavating a hole, but there was no sound nor sight of a Lesser Spotted Woodpecker. 

Much more obvious were the pair of Ring-necked Parakeets that have taken up residence in the line of trees on the other side of Rainbow Bridge, where the footpath heads north-east towards the end of Edgeway Road. 

With time running out and my fingers beginning to seize up in the cold,  I called into Christchurch College on my way to work:

A Black Redstart, a scarce bird in the county, has been wintering here. This morning it spent its time on the bare branches of the Virginia Creeper on the front of the college, below:

It was perfectly camouflaged, grey plumage against the grey of the branches and the full sun brought the temperature up nicely too. 

 It seems incredible that there is enough insectiverous life on the outside of an Oxford College to support a bird through the winter. But throughout the time I watched it fed constantly, dashing up to take spiders from under the student’s window-ledges, flashing the pale orange tail that gives it it’s name:

I quite enjoyed some city centre birding, especially with Oxford looking stunning on a clear winters morning.

Oxfordshire Birding Awards 2018

Saturday night saw the annual gathering of Oxfordshire birders, at Majliss Indian Restaurant in Abingdon: 

As usual, the event was superbly organised by Badger, who also asked if I would be happy to present the awards again. Despite this, it was a great evening, with good bunch of people, decent food and much beer and wine. It is always great to get the local birding community together and the awards – mostly tongue-in-cheek – are a nice way of thanking people for their efforts over the year. To get an award you have to attend the meal (a hint for those thinking of attending next year!). This year the winners were:

The final award of the evening was a Lifetime Achievement Award for Barry Hudson. Barry is the secretary of the Oxford Ornithological Society and in many ways is the public face of the OOS. As an ex-farmer he has the credentials to work and influence the farming community towards more environmentally sustainable farming methods. Barry’s work on local Tree Sparrow conservation is well known. I first met Barry when he contacted me about putting up nesting platforms for Hobby in Cuddesdon, see here. Always open, friendly and generous, Barry has made a real difference to wildlife conservation within Oxfordshire. As Barry said on Saturday night, we must keep fighting for wildlife, because wildlife itself has no voice. It is our species that will decide the fate and diversity of the various bird, mammal and insect species in Oxfordshire and in the wider countryside. We need more Barry Hudsons.

Great Northern Diver

Somehow I have not seen Great Northern Diver in Oxfordshire. Birds have often overwintered at Farmoor, in some years multiple birds. But all recent records were in my “Cuddesdon years”, when I was concentrating on my local patch, rather than county birding. Just before Christmas this year a juvenile Great Northern Diver was found on a small lake at Beale Park, just over the county border in Berkshire. In the first few days of January reports emerged that it was also feeding on the River Thames, just inside the county. Suddenly it got more interesting.

A quick look at a map revealed just how close to the border this bird was. The county boundary is the black dash-dot line that runs down the river:

The county boundary runs south on the right (east) side of the river until opposite Beale Park (“Wildlife Park” on the map above). Then, inexplicably, it crosses the river to run south, on the left (west) side of the Thames. The lake on which the Diver was first found is fed by a small stream that runs into the Thames at almost exactly the point that the county line crosses the river, just south of two small islands:

Below, Oxfordshire on the right, Berkshire in red, on the left:

So, for me to see this bird in Oxfordshire it needed to be on the River Thames, but south of the feeder stream from the lake in Beale Park. If it was on the lake, or on the River Thames north of the feeder stream, it was in the red zone, aka Berkshire, and was no use whatsoever for my county list. Having established the all important landmarks, I set out this morning to see where the bird was.

I walked up the tow path, passing a Little Grebe, a few Cormorants and lots of Siskins and found the juvenile Great Northern Diver on the river. It was reported to favour the area at the mouth of the feeder stream, but frustratingly, was north of this when I found it, so was in Berkshire. By about 8 meters. The views however, were superb:

It was diving frequently, but also spent some time just loafing, gently paddling against the northerly current, which kept it excruciatingly just outside of Oxfordshire. Surely, at some point it would just float over the invisible line and onto my Oxfordshire list?

It was a dark grey morning, with terrible light, but I took pictures of the bird as it surfaced between dives into the waters of Berkshire.

I was simultaneously enjoying being quite close to a Great Northern Diver and getting frustrated at its avoidance of my home county. Then, after about half an hour, a small group of rowers came up the river from the south. The Great Northern Diver took one look at them, dived deep and long and popped up behind them… in Oxfordshire!

Even more convincingly, it then spent some time well south of the feeder stream. I saw it as far south as the house on the east bank – a whole 250 meters inside the county! Tick.

The Big Blue: the new Abingdon super-reservoir

And still they torture us with talk of an enormous reservoir near Abingdon:

http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/16393158.abingdon-reservoir-ed-vaizey-demands-second-consultation/

I see the future of Oxfordshire birding… and the future is good!

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